![]() She later recalled that, while in high school, she determined that she was an atheist and that she valued reason above any other human virtue. They fled to the Crimean Peninsula, which was initially under control of the White Army during the Russian Civil War. Her father’s business was confiscated and the family displaced. The subsequent October Revolution and the rule of the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin disrupted the life the family had previously enjoyed. She was twelve at the time of the February Revolution of 1917, during which she favored Alexander Kerensky over Tsar Nicholas II. The two girls shared an intense interest in politics and would engage in debates at the Nabokov mansion: while Nabokova defended constitutional monarchy, Rand supported republican ideals. ![]() At the prestigious Stoiunina Gymnasium, her closest friend was Vladimir Nabokov's younger sister, Olga. With a passion for the liberal arts, Rand later said she found school unchallenging and she began writing screenplays at the age of eight and novels at the age of ten. Zinovy Rosenbaum was a successful pharmacist and businessman, eventually owning a pharmacy and the building in which it was located. She was the eldest of the three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum and his wife, Anna Borisovna (née Kaplan), largely non-observant Jews. Rand was born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum (Russian: Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум) on February 2, 1905, to a Russian Jewish bourgeois family living in Saint Petersburg. She has been a significant influence among libertarians and American conservatives. The Objectivist movement attempts to spread her ideas, both to the public and in academic settings. Literary critics received Rand's fiction with mixed reviews, and academia generally ignored or rejected her philosophy, though academic interest has increased in recent decades. She was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her, except for Aristotle and some Aristotelians and classical liberals. In politics, she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed collectivism and statism as well as anarchism, instead supporting laissez-faire capitalism, which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights. She supported rational and ethical egoism, and rejected altruism. ![]() Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected faith and religion. Afterward, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own magazines and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982. In 1957, she published her best-known work, the novel Atlas Shrugged. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful in America, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, The Fountainhead. She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935–1936. Born and educated in Russia, Rand moved to the United States in 1926. She is known for her two best-selling novels, The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957), and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism. Ayn Rand (/ˈaɪn ˈrænd/ born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum, Russian: Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум February 2 1905 – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-born American novelist, philosopher playwright, and screenwriter.
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